David J. Weary, USGS Daniel H. Doctor, USGS 20140730 Vector Digital Data Set (Polygon) U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014-1156 Reston, Virginia U.S. Geological Survey http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141156 This report describes new digital maps delineating areas of the United States, including Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands, having karst or the potential for development of karst and pseudokarst. These maps show areas underlain by soluble rocks and also by volcanic rocks, sedimentary deposits, and permafrost that have potential for karst or pseudokarst development. All 50 States contain rocks with potential for karst development, and about 18 percent of their area is underlain by soluble rocks having karst or the potential for development of karst features. The areas of soluble rocks shown are based primarily on selection from State geologic maps of rock units containing significant amounts of carbonate or evaporite minerals. Areas underlain by soluble rocks are further classified by general climate setting, degree of induration, and degree of exposure. Areas having potential for volcanic pseudokarst are those underlain chiefly by basaltic-flow rocks no older than Miocene in age. Areas with potential for pseudokarst features in sedimentary rocks are in relatively unconsolidated rocks from which pseudokarst features, such as piping caves, have been reported. Areas having potential for development of thermokarst features, mapped exclusively in Alaska, contain permafrost in relatively thick surficial deposits containing ground ice. This report includes a GIS database with links from the map unit polygons to online geologic unit descriptions. These data were compiled to delineate the distribution of karst and potential karst and pseudokarst areas of the United States. The data in this report are preliminary, and there is an expectation of upgrade in content, quality, and resolution in future versions. The data are released as an Open-File Report to expedite transfer of this information to various users across the United States. These data were compiled from multiple sources at various spatial resolutions. They are intended for use as guidance in determining the distribution of areas of potential karst at national, State, and regional scales. Because of differences in projection and scale of the various geologic datasets, spatial errors and location inconsistencies are particularly noticeable along some State boundaries, particularly coastlines and riparian borders. These data should not be used to define boundaries for site-specific applications or for legal purposes. Suggested citation: Weary, D.J., and Doctor, D.H., 2014, Karst in the United States: A digital map compilation and database: U.S. Geological Survey Open-File Report 2014–1156, 23 p., http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141156. 20140730 See Supplemental Info Complete As needed -127.011947565 -66.46192063 50.344846283 23.090782787 Glossary of Geology, Fifth Edition Revised, American Geological Institute karst pseudokarst thermokarst piping caves lava tubes carbonates evaporites None United States Alaska Hawaii Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands None This digital publication was prepared by an agency of the United States Government. Neither the United States Government nor any agency thereof, nor any of their employees, makes any warranty, expressed or implied, or assumes any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed in this report, or represents that its use would not infringe privately owned rights. Reference herein to any specific commercial product, process, or service by trade name, trademark, manufacturer, or otherwise does not necessarily constitute or imply its endorsement, recommendation, or favoring by the United States Government or any agency thereof. Although all data published in this Open-File Report have been used by the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS), no warranty, expressed or implied, is made by the USGS as to the accuracy of the data and related materials and (or) the functioning of the software. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data, software, or related materials. Graphical map depictions are intended to be used within the map scale limits applicable to the source GIS data of various original resolution and scales. The resolution of the geologic data ranges from 1:24,000 to 1:500,000. The graphics are designed for display at 1:6,000,000 scale for the contiguous United States and Alaska, and 1:3,000,000 scale for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands. They will print at these scales at 100 percent resolution. The geographic data for all of these maps is in Albers projection using the North American Horizontal Datum of 1983. Although software enables the user to view data at various scales, the user is cautioned to refer to the source documentation for the appropriate map scale limitations. U.S. Geological Survey, NORTHEAST REGION David J Weary Research Geologist mailing address

Mail Stop 926A, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

Reston VA 20192-0002 US 703-648-6897 703-648-6953 dweary@usgs.gov The data for this map were compiled and edited by David J. Weary and Daniel H. Doctor of the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS). Most of the spatial data compiled in this project originated as lithologic map units on geologic maps produced by various State geological surveys. Versions of the original source maps are available for purchase or download from the respective State geological surveys. Much of the digital map data for this project was compiled from a series of integrated geologic map databases for the United States produced by the USGS Mineral Resources Program (see http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/, accessed May 16, 2014). Use of the USGS digital geologic data provided a consistent data structure within which a derivative database of areas with potential for karst could be constructed. In some areas, other miscellaneous datasets and publications were referenced to facilitate accurate map compilation. These references are cited in the COMMENTS field of the feature data. ESRI ArcCatalog 10.0 (Build 2414) Service Pack 1 (Build 2800) No formal attribute accuracy tests were conducted. No formal logical accuracy tests were conducted. Dataset is considered complete for the information presented, as described in the abstract. Users are advised to read the rest of the metadata record carefully for additional details. A formal accuracy assessment of the horizontal positional information in the dataset has not been conducted. A formal accuracy assessment of the vertical positional information in the dataset has either not been conducted, or is not applicable. U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) Mineral Resources Program 20140604 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources Reston, Va. U.S. Geological Survey http://mrdata.usgs.gov/geology/state/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources publication date State geologic maps Lithostratigraphic unit information for the 50 United States. Alemán González, W.B. 20100000 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources Reston, Va. U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2010/1104 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources publication date Puerto Rico karst Delineation of potentially karstic areas of Puerto Rico. Sherrod, D.R., Sinton, J.M., Watkins, S.E., and Brunt, K.M 20070000 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/of/2007/1089/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources publication date Geologic map of Hawaii Information on volcanic flow rocks in Hawaii. Reed, J.C., Jr., and Bush, C.A. 20050000 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources Reston, Va. U.S. Geological Survey http://pubs.usgs.gov/atlas/geologic/ Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources publication date Geologic map of the United States Information on Quaternary sediments in Alaska. Brown, Jerry, Ferrians, O.J., Jr., Heginbottom, J.A., and Melnikov, E.S. 20020000 Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources Boulder, Colo. National Snow and Ice Data Center Digital and/or Hardcopy Resources publication date Ice map of Alaska Delineation of ground-ice areas in Alaska. Development of the data set by the agency / individuals identified in the 'Originator' element in the Identification Info section of the record. Unknown Vector Simple FALSE 0 TRUE FALSE coordinate pair 0.6096 0.6096 Meter D_North_American_1983 GRS_1980 6378137.0 298.257222101 Carbonates48 Producer defined This polygon dataset represents carbonate units in the lower 48 States that may potentially host karst features. Feature Class 0 OBJECTID OBJECTID OID 4 0 0 Internal feature number. Esri Sequential unique whole numbers that are automatically generated. Shape Shape Geometry 0 0 0 Feature geometry. Esri Coordinates defining the features. KARST_TYPE Map unit depicting karst type as a combination of the lithology, climate, induration, and exposure attributes. Producer defined Carbonate rocks at or near the land surface in a dry climate Unknown Producer defined Carbonate rocks at or near the land surface in a humid climate Unknown Producer defined Carbonate rocks buried under <300 ft of insoluble sediments in a humid climate Unknown Producer defined Carbonate rocks buried under >50 ft of glacially derived insoluble sediments in a dry climate Unknown Producer defined Carbonate rocks buried under >50 ft of glacially derived insoluble sediments in a humid climate Unknown Producer defined Carbonate rocks buried under ≤50 ft of glacially derived insoluble sediments in a dry climate Unknown Producer defined Carbonate rocks buried under ≤50 ft of glacially derived insoluble sediments in a humid climate Unknown Producer defined Unconsolidated calcareous or carbonate rocks at or near the land surface in a dry climate Unknown Producer defined Unconsolidated calcareous or carbonate rocks at or near the land surface in a humid climate Unknown Producer defined Unconsolidated calcareous or carbonate rocks buried under <300 ft of insoluble sediments in a humid climate Unknown Producer defined KARST_TYPE String 130 0 0 Climate This attribute contains a code word indicating the amount of effective precipitation within each karst polygon. Terms used are “humid,” indicating greater than about 30 in. (76 cm) mean annual precipitation, and “dry,” indicating less than about 30 in. mean annual effective precipitation. All the carbonate karst data tables contain this item. Producer defined dry Unknown Producer defined humid Unknown Producer defined Climate String 12 0 0 Induration The value of this attribute indicates a general sense of degree of induration of the lithologic unit. Terms used are “consolidated” and “unconsolidated.” This attribute is used only in the two shapefiles for carbonate rocks in the contiguous United States. All the carbonate karst data tables contain this item. Producer defined Consolidated Unknown Producer defined Unconsolidated Unknown Producer defined Induration String 20 0 0 Exposure This attribute contains a code for the general nature of the exposure of the lithostratigraphic unit. Codes include: E, B1, B2, and B3. Code E indicates exposure at or near the Earth’s surface. Code B1 indicates burial of the unit beneath as much as 300 ft (91 m) of insoluble, and younger, coastal plain sediments. Code B2 indicates that the unit is buried by more than 50 ft (15.2 m) of glacially derived insoluble sediment. Code B3 indicates that the unit is in a glaciated area and may be covered by less than 50 ft (15.2 m) of glacial sediment, particularly loess. This attribute is not included in the data for volcanic rocks or for areas of sedimentary rocks having potential for pseudokarst features. All the carbonate karst data tables contain this item. Producer defined B1 Code B1 indicates burial of the unit beneath as much as 300 ft (91 m) of insoluble, and younger, coastal plain sediments Producer defined B2 Code B2 indicates that the unit is buried by more than 50 ft (15.2 m) of glacially derived insoluble sediment. Producer defined B3 Code B3 indicates that the unit is in a glaciated area and may be covered by less than 50 ft (15.2 m) of glacial sediment, particularly loess. Producer defined E Code E indicates exposure at or near the Earth’s surface. Producer defined Exposure String 10 0 0 ROCKTYPE1 First lithologic descriptor from the original State geologic map. It is assumed in most cases that this is the most abundant lithology within a heterolithic rock unit. The table for Hawaii contains a single ROCKTYPE item. Tables for Puerto Rico and the U.S. Virgin Islands contain an analogous LITHOLOGY item. Producer defined Unknown ROCKTYPE1 String 40 0 0 ROCKTYPE2 Second lithologic descriptor from the original State geologic map. Tables for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not contain this attribute. Producer defined Unknown ROCKTYPE2 String 40 0 0 ROCKTYPE3 Third lithologic descriptor from the original State geologic map. It is assumed in most cases that this is the least abundant lithology within a heterolithic rock unit. Tables for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not contain this attribute. Producer defined Unknown ROCKTYPE3 String 250 0 0 UNIT_NAME Name of rock unit provided from the original State geologic map. Names are dependent on the usage within each State and may change across State boundaries. All the carbonate karst data tables contain this item. The data table for Puerto Rico also contains a MAP_UNIT item that contains an abbreviation used in the source map (Alemán González, 2010). The table for Alaska also contains an additional LABEL item containing abbreviations of the geologic map units from the source data. Producer defined Unknown UNIT_NAME String 250 0 0 UNIT_AGE A text description of the age or age range of the lithostratigraphic unit. The table for Hawaii contains an analogous AGE_RANGE field. The tables for carbonates in Alaska, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not contain this item. Producer defined Unknown UNIT_AGE String 60 0 0 State Standard U.S. Postal Service abbreviation for the State in which the polygon lies. Because they are separate datasets, the tables for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not contain this attribute. Producer defined Unknown State String 5 0 0 UNIT_LINK The UNIT_LINK attribute is a code based on the map symbol abbreviation used in the original State geologic map depiction of the polygon. This code was developed and used by the USGS Mineral Resources Program series of integrated geologic map databases for the United States. This attribute can be used as the join item to other attribute tables provided with the various regional geologic map compilations. Tables for Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands datasets do not contain this attribute. The table for Alaska contains an NSA_CLASS item. NSA_CLASS is a numeric code used as the common link item for data tables used in geologic map compilations for the State of Alaska by the USGS. Producer defined Unknown UNIT_LINK String 18 0 0 URL This is a link to source geologic data that allows the user to view State-level descriptive information about the lithostratigraphic unit, and the sources used to compile these data. For carbonate areas in the contiguous United States, this is a URL that links to the USGS Minerals Online Spatial Data page containing a brief description of the lithostratigraphic unit and other links to State and other geologic information. These addresses were checked in June, 2014. The URL item in the data tables for Alaska and Hawaii contain an item labeled URL, with links to source data for individual areas of the State compilation. The URL item for Puerto Rico links to the source publication for the karst extent. The URL item for the Virgin Islands links to the source geologic report. Producer defined Unknown URL String 100 0 0 NA_L3NAME This is the North American Level III Ecoregion name for the ecoregion in which the polygon is located. The potentially karstic polygon areas in soluble rocks in Alaska and the contiguous United States are split at these ecoregion boundaries. The shapefiles for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not include this attribute because they lie outside of the classification area. Producer defined Unknown NA_L3NAME String 100 0 0 NA_L3CODE This is a standard North American Level III Ecoregion code for the ecoregion in which the polygon is located. The shapefiles for Hawaii, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands do not include this attribute because they lie outside of the classification area. Producer defined Unknown NA_L3CODE String 10 0 0 COMMENTS This is a text field for miscellaneous comments on the particular lithostratigraphic unit or polygon. Most of these values are empty in this version of the data. Producer defined Unknown COMMENTS String 150 0 0 Shape_Length Length of feature in internal units. ESRI 0 25621201.4038176 Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Shape_Length Double 8 0 0 Shape_Area Area of feature in internal units squared. ESRI 0 28643289866.018 Positive real numbers that are automatically generated. Shape_Area Double 8 0 0 The entity and attribute information provided here describes the tabular data associated with the data set. Please review the detailed descriptions that are provided (the individual attribute descriptions) for information on the values that appear as fields/table entries of the data set. The entity and attribute information was generated by the individual and/or agency identified as the originator of the data set. Please review the rest of the metadata record for additional details and information. U.S. Geological Survey, NORTHEAST REGION David J Weary Research Geologist mailing address

Mail Stop 926A, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

Reston VA 20192-0002 US 703-648-6897 703-648-6953 dweary@usgs.gov Distributor assumes no liability for misuse of data. Vector Digital Data Set (Polygon) http://dx.doi.org/10.3133/ofr20141156 None. No fees are applicable for obtaining the data set. 20140731 Daniel H Doctor U.S. Geological Survey, NORTHEAST REGION Research Geologist mailing address

Mail Stop 926A, 12201 Sunrise Valley Dr

Reston VA 20192-0002 US 703-648-6027 703-648-6953 dhdoctor@usgs.gov FGDC Content Standard for Digital Geospatial Metadata FGDC-STD-001-1998 FALSE 20210616 17510500 Carbonates48_Clip 002 Projected GCS_North_American_1983 Linear Unit: Meter (1.000000) NAD_1983_Albers <ProjectedCoordinateSystem xsi:type='typens:ProjectedCoordinateSystem' xmlns:xsi='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema-instance' xmlns:xs='http://www.w3.org/2001/XMLSchema' xmlns:typens='http://www.esri.com/schemas/ArcGIS/10.7'><WKT>PROJCS[&quot;NAD_1983_Albers&quot;,GEOGCS[&quot;GCS_North_American_1983&quot;,DATUM[&quot;D_North_American_1983&quot;,SPHEROID[&quot;GRS_1980&quot;,6378137.0,298.257222101]],PRIMEM[&quot;Greenwich&quot;,0.0],UNIT[&quot;Degree&quot;,0.0174532925199433]],PROJECTION[&quot;Albers&quot;],PARAMETER[&quot;False_Easting&quot;,0.0],PARAMETER[&quot;False_Northing&quot;,0.0],PARAMETER[&quot;Central_Meridian&quot;,-96.0],PARAMETER[&quot;Standard_Parallel_1&quot;,25.0],PARAMETER[&quot;Standard_Parallel_2&quot;,50.0],PARAMETER[&quot;Latitude_Of_Origin&quot;,37.0],UNIT[&quot;Meter&quot;,1.0]]</WKT><XOrigin>-16991700</XOrigin><YOrigin>-8612300</YOrigin><XYScale>10000</XYScale><ZOrigin>-100000</ZOrigin><ZScale>10000</ZScale><MOrigin>-100000</MOrigin><MScale>10000</MScale><XYTolerance>0.001</XYTolerance><ZTolerance>0.001</ZTolerance><MTolerance>0.001</MTolerance><HighPrecision>true</HighPrecision></ProjectedCoordinateSystem> 20190820 16404400 20210412 17472300 1.0 150000000 5000 ItemDescription Version 6.2 (Build 9200) ; Esri ArcGIS 10.7.0.10450 Karst (v1.1) Purpose: Karst used for the Safe Water Conservation Collaborative (SWCC) Prioritization Model (v1.1) Measurement: Acres of karst Justification: Karst lands are valuable to protect because of the impact development/land use changes on karst have on water quality. Karst lands are more prone to infiltration of pollutants into groundwater and they host fragile ecosystems that serve as critical habitat for unique wildlife. (The scientific & socio-economic importance of karst and caves and their vulnerability). Source: Karst in the US: A Digital Map Compilation and Database (2014), United States Geological Survey (USGS) LTA SWCC USGS File Geodatabase Feature Class dataset 0 20210616